Written and Reviewed by Dr. Pallavi Nikam Kanase (MBBS, MS-OBS and GYNc)

Maintaining good health during pregnancy is essential for the developing fetus as well as the mother because pregnancy is a time of major physiological change. Nutraceuticals have drawn interest as possible supplements that help enhance fetal development, enhance pregnancy outcomes, and support maternal health in addition to a balanced diet. But what precisely are nutraceuticals, and how might they be advantageous during pregnancy?
What Are Nutraceuticals?
The words “nutrition” and “pharmaceutical” are combined to form the term nutraceutical. Natural food-based products that are thought to offer health advantages beyond basic nourishment are referred to as nutraceuticals. They may be fortified foods, functional foods, or dietary supplements. Bioactive substances with potential therapeutic effects, including vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, amino acids, and chemicals originating from plants, are found in nutraceuticals.
For pregnant women, nutraceuticals can be crucial in promoting maternal nutrition and addressing nutrient deficiencies that may occur during pregnancy, even though they are not considered drugs. Nutraceuticals are frequently used to promote health, lower the risk of disease, or manage particular health conditions.
Key Nutraceuticals Beneficial for Pregnancy
Folic Acid
Role: Folic acid (or folate) is one of the most important nutraceuticals during pregnancy. It helps prevent neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, in the developing fetus. It also supports DNA synthesis and cell growth.
Sources: Leafy greens, legumes, fortified cereals, and supplements.
Recommended Dosage: Pregnant women should consume 400–800 micrograms per day, depending on their specific needs and risk factors (such as a history of neural tube abnormalities).
Iron
Role: The production of haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen to the mother and fetus, depends on iron. Anemia from iron deficiency raises the risk of low birth weight, early birth, and developmental problems.
Sources: Red meat, beans, spinach, fortified cereals, and iron supplements.
Recommended Dosage: Pregnant women need about 27 mg of iron daily, while greater doses may be recommended in cases of deficiency.
Foods that are increased Iron Absorption: Taking certain vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin C, vitamin A, and beta carotene along with iron rich food increase the absorption of Iron.
What should be avoided: Taking iron along with calcium supplement may hinder the absorption of iron during pregnancy.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids (DHA and EPA)
Role: The development of the fetal brain and eyes depends on omega-3 fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Additionally, omega-3s enhance maternal cardiovascular health and lower inflammation.
Sources: Fatty fish (like salmon and sardines), flaxseeds, walnuts, and omega-3 supplements (usually derived from fish oil or algae).
Recommended Dosage: Around 200-300 mg of DHA per day is commonly recommended during pregnancy.
Calcium
Role: The growth of the foetus’s bones and teeth depends on calcium. It also aids in the neurological system and muscular regulation. The health of the mother’s bones may be impacted if the fetus takes calcium from the mother’s bones due to inadequate calcium intake.
Sources: Dairy products, leafy greens, fortified plant milks, tofu, and calcium supplements.
Recommended Dosage: Pregnant women should aim for 1,000 mg per day (1,300 mg if under 18 years old).
Vitamin D
Role: Vitamin D is vital for immune system function, bone health, and calcium absorption. A lower risk of preeclampsia and gestational diabetes is also associated with adequate vitamin D levels.
Sources: Sunlight, fatty fish, fortified milk, egg yolks, and vitamin D supplements.
Recommended Dosage: The recommended daily intake during pregnancy is 600 IU, though higher doses may be required for women with deficiencies.
Magnesium
Role: Magnesium is necessary for the healthy operation of the cardiovascular system, promotes muscle function, and lowers the risk of preterm labor. It also contributes to blood pressure maintenance and blood sugar regulation.
Sources: Nuts, seeds, leafy greens, whole grains, and magnesium supplements.
Recommended Dosage: Pregnant women need about 350-400 mg of magnesium per day.
Probiotics
Role: Beneficial bacteria that support intestinal health are known as probiotics. They might lessen the chance of postpartum depression, preterm birth, and gestational diabetes. Additionally, probiotics aid in the foetus’s gut microbiome growth.
Sources: Yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, kimchi, and probiotic supplements.
Recommended Dosage: The ideal dosage depends on the specific strain of probiotic used, but a common range is 1-10 billion CFUs (colony-forming units) per day.
Iodine
Role: Thyroid function and the development of the prenatal brain depend on iodine. Cognitive problems and developmental delays might result from inadequate iodine intake during pregnancy.
Sources: Iodized salt, seafood, dairy products, and iodine supplements.
Recommended Dosage: Pregnant women should consume around 220 mcg of iodine per day.
Vitamin B12
Role: Red blood cell production and the growth of the fetal brain system depend on vitamin B12. Neurological problems, developmental delays, and anemia can result from a vitamin B12 deficiency.
Sources: Animal products such as meat, eggs, and dairy, as well as fortified foods.
Recommended Dosage: Pregnant women require about 2.6 micrograms per day.
Potential Risks of Nutraceuticals during Pregnancy
Although there are many advantages to using nutraceuticals, it’s crucial to practice caution when pregnant. Negative effects may result from excessive supplement use or improper supplement combinations. For example:
Excessive Vitamin A: Excessive amounts of vitamin A, especially from supplements, can harm the liver and cause birth abnormalities. Retinol-based supplements should be avoided by expectant mothers, and the daily recommended consumption should be followed.
Herbal Supplements: Certain herbal supplements (such black cohosh, chamomile, or ginger) may have negative effects on pregnancy, such as raising the chance of bleeding or causing uterine contractions, or they may interact with pharmaceuticals.
Iron Overload: Excessive iron intake, especially from supplements, can cause gastrointestinal distress, constipation, and more serious complications like organ damage.
Guidelines for Using Nutraceuticals during Pregnancy
Consult a Healthcare Provider: A registered dietician, midwife, or doctor should always be consulted before beginning any new supplement or nutraceutical during pregnancy. They can assist in determining your unique dietary requirements and preventing possible drug interactions.
Prioritize a Balanced Diet: While supplements can help fill nutritional gaps, they should not replace a varied and balanced diet rich in whole foods. Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats should be the foundation of your pregnancy nutrition.
Choose High-Quality Supplements: Nutraceuticals are not all made equal. Seek out goods from reliable producers who offer suitable dosage guidelines, third-party testing, and clear labelling.
Conclusion
During pregnancy, nutraceuticals can be very helpful in promoting the health of both the mother and the fetus. But it’s crucial to use them carefully, making sure they support a healthy diet and are administered under a doctor’s supervision. Pregnant women can maximize their health and foster the greatest outcomes for themselves and their unborn children by concentrating on the appropriate nutrition.
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